Common Cold Virus Can Cause Heart Attacks

Patrick Calhoun (left) and mentor James Smyth, an associate professor at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, conducted first-of-its-kind research applying human adenovirus to induced pluripotent stem cell derived-cardiomyocytes – human skin cells converted to heart cells -- that determined the virus disrupts the electrical system that keeps the heart beating regularly, sometimes causing sudden cardiac death.

Credit: Virginia Tech

Virginia Tech researchers studying how a usually benign virus attacks the human heart with sometimes fatal consequences determined that the virus disrupts the heart’s electrical system – and with dual impacts not previously recognized.

Patrick Calhoun, a postdoctoral associate, and his mentor, James Smyth, an associate professor at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, found that adenovirus not only uncouples electrical signaling pathways in the heart, but it also impairs the cells’ ability to make new communication channels.

Researchers made their findings via first-of-their-kind experiments to observe adenovirus effects on human heart cells in a culture dish.

“This is the first time we’re putting this human virus on human heart cells to see what it does in the context of infected heart muscle cells,” Smyth said. “That’s the real power of this.”

The study was published June 2 in The FASEB Journal, an international publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

The discovery may increase understanding of arrythmias, which are problems of the heart’s electrical signaling that can lead to arrest of the heart’s coordinated beating and even sudden cardiac death. The research in the Smyth laboratory focuses on ventricular arrhythmia that are potentially the most dangerous, but such electrical disturbances can affect all chambers of the heart. Atrial fibrillation, the most common type of arrhythmia, affects more than 2 million people in the United States, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.

Heart muscle cells communicate with each other via channels called gap junctions. Formed by proteins called connexins, gap junctions create a bridge between two cells for sharing electrical signals that enable heart muscle cells to beat in concert – but gap junctions can also alert neighboring cells they are under attack by a virus.

Previous work in Smyth’s lab found that acute infections caused by adenovirus reduced levels of a key gap junction protein, connexin43.

Adenovirus, which typically can cause a common cold, has a far more dangerous impact if it reaches the heart. When the virus commandeers gap junctions, it can slow production of connexin43, disturbing the electrical system that keeps a heart beating properly, leading to arrythmias and sometimes sudden cardiac death.

A transmission electron micrograph captures new adenovirus particles assembling in honeycomb-shaped arrays in an infected cell in one of the Smyth lab’s experiments. The viral proteins assemble in paracrystalline groupings in the nucleus. “The arrays are really amazing and man-made looking,” Smyth said. “Viral progeny are formed in these ‘factories.’”

Credit: Virginia Tech

Calhoun performed specific experiments that confirmed that the virus can effectively hijack the system that heart muscle cells use to communicate. Similar research is often performed using mouse models, but previously scientists lacked an effective model for adenovirus and the human heart.

Calhoun innovated a diagnostic technique using induced pluripotent stem cell derived-cardiomyocytes – human skin cells converted to heart cells. He applied adenovirus to those and watched what happened.

He saw what he expected – the virus took over the gap junctions for its own replication purposes – but he saw something else he didn’t expect.

“I realized there were two distinct processes going on here, with the virus giving a double hit to the cell’s ability to communicate with its neighbors” Calhoun said. “Firstly, it was rapidly closing existing channels, and secondly it was shutting down the cells’ ability to make new ones.”

Smyth and Calhoun took particular interest in how the virus halted connexin43 creation and gap junction formation. The virus switched a protein pathway classically described as making new connexin to suppressing connexin instead. Smyth sees promise in learning more about how the virus made that change.

“We might learn something very new about the molecular biology there that’s causing that switch,” said Smyth, who is also an associate professor of biological sciences in the Virginia Tech College of Science and of basic science education in the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine.

“The research has some limitations for extending the findings to the living heart because it’s done in vitro – in a dish outside of the human body – but still has tremendous value,” Smyth said. "Fundamental studies provide the footing for the translational research that discovers therapeutics and diagnostic methods that improve people’s health.

“They give us pointers and clues as to what to look for,” Smyth continued.

“This research goes beyond viral infection with the hope that we can generate new therapeutic interventions for diseased hearts,” Calhoun said. “We’re essentially learning from adenovirus to find the most efficient ways to stop, rather than cause, arrhythmias.”

Calhoun’s research formed a significant part of his recently defended doctoral dissertation. It’s complemented by the work of Rachel Padget, another researcher in Smyth’s lab who was recently awarded a National Institutes of Health fellowship to develop a first-ever mouse model to investigate how adenovirus attacks the heart.

Calhoun, originally from Niceville, Florida, has been mentored by Smyth for more than five years. A U.S. Army veteran, Calhoun began his academic career at Virginia Western Community College in Roanoke, Virginia, before transferring to Virginia Tech.

This month he’ll begin work as a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, where he’ll continue his study of cardiac health.

Smyth, an investigator in the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute’s Center for Heart and Reparative Medicine Research, is the senior author on the paper. Calhoun’s research was funded by an American Heart Association grant awarded in 2018.

Contacts and sources:
Matt Chittum
Virginia Tech

Publication: Adenovirus targets transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms to limit gap junction function Patrick J. Calhoun, Allen V. Phan, Jordan D. Taylor, Carissa C. James, Rachel L. Padget, Michael J. Zeitz, James W. Smyth. . FASEB Journal, 2020 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000667R